Background and purpose: Spirituality is a complex and multidimensional concept that has cognitive, experiential, and behavioral aspects. According to studies many patients believe that religion and spirituality play important roles in their lives. Usually they expect such considerations to be taken into account by physicians. The aim of this study was to investigate the viewpoints of physicians about spirituality and spiritual care.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 318 physicians working in hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Data was collected by a questionnaire consisting of demographic information and measures of spirituality and spiritual care. The validity and reliability of these scales were previously approved.Results: The mean age of the physicians was 41.51±8.89 years and the majority were married (83%). Amongst the participants 73% were male and 82.7% were general practitioners. The perception of spirituality and spiritual care was desirable in 2.35%, highly satisfactory in 10.1%, and lower than average in 54.7% of the cases. The viewpoints of physicians towards spirituality was significantly correlated with spiritual care (P<0.05).Conclusion: Based on these findings, doctors’ attitudes towards spirituality and pastoral care was undesirable. Pastoral care trainings are recommended for young physicians and those with lack of experience.

Pastoral care is a concept that was initially used among Christians and in their Church-dependent schools wherein the care of a group of students was given to an individual as their guardian who looked after their moral and social wellbeing. As such, three approaches to such guardianship have developed: one emphasizing discipline and control, the other focusing on eliminating personal and group abnormalities, while the third looks after the academic advancement of the pupils. Perusing through the underpinning concepts of these approaches, a fourth approach was developed and herein suggested: Humanitarian Pastoral Care. Recognizing both its advantages and threats, it is aimed at spreading of morality and benevolence, as well as a holistic look at both the student and education, individualization of teaching, and a breeze of love throughout school atmosphere.

Drought phenomenon stands as one of the most significant challenges of the contemporary era, exerting its influence on all ecosystems, including rangelands, at both global and regional scales. The heightened vulnerability of pastoralists underscores the necessity of embracing the concept of resilience. This research aims to investigate existing studies on the resilience of pastoralists under drought conditions and to propose a comprehensive model. A systematic review methodology was employed in this study. The findings of relevant domestic and international research were systematically analyzed using the seven-stage method of Sandelowski and Barroso. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 studies were examined. The Waltz and Bausell method was employed to assess the validity of the extracted data. The reliability was also assessed through the Kappa coefficient, yielding a value of 0.87, indicating excellent agreement. The research results led to the formulation of a comprehensive model comprising seven factors: economic, social, individual, institutional, physical, educational-promotional, and ecological. Among these factors, the economic factor emerged as one of the most influential. The resultant model, identifying the factors that impact the resilience of pastoralists under drought conditions, provides the potential for enhancing crisis management, reducing vulnerability, and establishing the necessary groundwork for nationwide rangeland planning.

Like many other tribes, the Kurd Tribe, the largest nomadic community in Ilam province, has many of its member families settled in the recent years. The present paper compares the livestock production systems of these settled families against the system practiced by the pastorals. Data was collected from 250 questionnaires for pastoral and 157 for settled nomads.The results showed that the combination of herds were different in the two communities. In the settles nomads, the proportion of sheep and cattle increased by 7% and 2.4% respectively, while the proportion of goats and other livestock decreased by 8.3% and 1.1%. The livestock products of the Kurd Tribe included meat, dairy products, and wools, respectively accounting for 77.2%, 20.2% and 2.6% of the annual income of the pastoral communities, the same figures being 81.5% , 16.9% and 1.6% for the settled nomads. In the pastoral nomads, the annual cost of fattening per head of sheep, goats, and cattle was higher than that in the settled communities by, 1.50%, 1.51% and 1.47%, respectively. This was while the incomes per settled family was 18.16% higher than in the pastoral areas.

The climatic diversity in Mazandaran province has resulted in the development of distinct spaces for the production and utilization of livestock, each with unique physical and functional characteristics. Gesansereh and Telar are two spatial elements utilized by local communities in Mazandaran Mountain and Angehroud Noor village. The research aims to document the architectural and cultural characteristics of these elements. Factors such as immigration and the shift from traditional livestock farming to industrial systems have led to the decline and neglect of this native heritage. The article's purpose is to introduce the native heritage related to animal husbandry using a descriptive-analytical research method. The results of the research demonstrate that Telar is a traditional structure used for livestock in the winter, while Gesansereh is used for milking sheep and producing dairy products in the summer. Each structure has a unique architecture based on its function, containing indigenous knowledge related to animal health, social systems, and cultural traditions related to local food and product production. They are considered part of Iran's pastoral and agricultural heritage and have a significant relationship with geographical livelihood and sustainable development.

Case reports are valuable sources in medical studies and they play an equally important role in scientific progress. The case report goes a long way from 1600 BC to the present day. Facing new clinical cases by physicians and other researchers and reporting it as a clinical case report article can be a prelude to further studies. Unfamiliarity with the basic principles of writing case reports has reduced the willingness to write and publish these articles, especially by young researchers. Understanding this historical course and the correct way of writing a case report, in addition to its scientific value, can be a great educational experience, especially for medical students and young physicians. The purpose of this article is to provide a standard guide for writing and publishing case report articles.